Introduction
Networking is an expansive and overwhelming topic for many budding system administrators. There are various layers, protocols, and interfaces, and many tools and utilities that must be mastered to understand them.
In TCP/IP and UDP networking, ports are endpoints for logical communications. A single IP address may have many services running, such as a web server, an application server, and a file server. In order for each of these services to communicate, they each listen and communicate on a specific port. When you make a connection to a server, you connect to the the IP address and a port.
In many cases, the software you use specifies the port for you. For example, when you connect to https://digitalocean.com, you’re connecting to the digitalocean.com server on port 443, the default port for secure web traffic. Since it’s the default, your browser adds the port for you.
In this tutorial you’ll explore ports in more detail. You’ll use the netstat program to identify open ports, and then use the nmap program to get information about the state of a machine’s ports on a network. When you’re done you’ll be able to identify common ports and scan your systems for open ports.
Note: This tutorial covers IPv4 security. In Linux, IPv6 security is maintained separately from IPv4. For example, “nmap” scans IPv4 addresses by default but can also scan IPv6 addresses if the proper option is specified (nmap -6).
If your VPS is configured for IPv6, please remember to secure both your IPv4 and IPv6 network interfaces with the appropriate tools. For more information about IPv6 tools, refer to this guide: How To Configure Tools to Use IPv6 on a Linux VPS
Understanding Ports
There are many layers in the OSI networking model. The transport layer is the layer primarily concerned with the communication between different services and applications.
This layer is the main layer that ports are associated with.
Some knowledge of terminology is needed to understand port configuration. Here are some terms that will help you understand the discussion that will follow:
Port: An addressable network location implemented inside of the operating system that helps distinguish traffic destined for different applications or services.
Internet Sockets: A file descriptor that specifies an IP address and an associated port number, as well as the transfer protocol that will be used to handle the data.
Binding: The process that takes place when an application or service uses an internet socket to handle the data it is inputting and outputting.
Listening: A service is said to be “listening” on a port when it is binding to a port/protocol/IP address combination in order to wait for requests from clients of the service.
Upon receiving a request, it then establishes a connection with the client (when appropriate) using the same port it has been listening on. Because the internet sockets used are associated with a specific client IP address, this does not prevent the server from listening for and serving requests to other clients simultaneously.
Port Scanning: Port scanning is the process of attempting to connect to a number of sequential ports, for the purpose of acquiring information about which are open and what services and operating system are behind them.
Identifying Common Ports
Ports are specified by a number ranging from 1 to 65535.
Many ports below 1024 are associated with services that Linux and Unix-like operating systems consider critical to essential network functions, so you must have root privileges to assign services to them.
Ports between 1024 and 49151 are considered “registered”. This means that they can be “reserved” (in a very loose sense of the word) for certain services by issuing a request to the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). They are not strictly enforced, but they can give a clue as to the possible services running on a certain port.
Ports between 49152 and 65535 cannot be registered and are suggested for private use.
Because of the vast number of available ports, you won’t ever have to be concerned with the majority of the services that tend to bind to specific ports.
However, there are some ports that are worth knowing due to their ubiquity. The following is only a very incomplete list:
20: FTP data
21: FTP control port
22: SSH
23: Telnet (Insecure, not recommended for most uses)
25: SMTP
43: WHOIS protocol
53: DNS services
67: DHCP server port
68: DHCP client port
80: HTTP – Unencrypted Web traffic
110: POP3 mail port
113: Ident authentication services on IRC networks
143: IMAP mail port
161: SNMP
194: IRC
389: LDAP port
443: HTTPS – Secure web traffic
587: SMTP – message submission port
631: CUPS printing daemon port
666: DOOM – This legacy game actually has its own special port
These are just a few of the services commonly associated with ports. You should be able to find the appropriate ports for the applications you are trying to configure within their respective documentation.
Most services can be configured to use ports other than the default, but you must ensure that both the client and server are configured to use a non-standard port.
You can get a list of some common ports by looking at the /etc/services file:
less /etc/services
It will give you a list of common ports and their associated services:
. . .
tcpmux 1/tcp # TCP port service multiplexer
echo 7/tcp
echo 7/udp
discard 9/tcp sink null
discard 9/udp sink null
systat 11/tcp users
daytime 13/tcp
daytime 13/udp
netstat 15/tcp
qotd 17/tcp quote
msp 18/tcp # message send protocol
. . .
Depending on your system, this will display multiple pages. Press the SPACE key to see the next page of entries or press Q to return to your prompt.
This is not a complete list; you’ll be able to see that shortly.
Checking Open Ports
There are a number of tools you can use to scan for open ports. One that is installed by default on most Linux distributions is netstat.
You can quickly discover which services you are running by issuing the command with the following parameters:
sudo netstat -plunt
You’ll see results like the following:
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 785/sshd
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 785/sshd
This shows the port and listening socket associated with the service and lists both UDP and TCP protocols.
The nmap tool is another method you can use to identify ports.
Using Nmap
Part of securing a network involves doing vulnerability testing. This means trying to infiltrate your network and discover weaknesses in the same way that an attacker might.
Out of all of the available tools for this, nmap is perhaps the most common and powerful.
You can install nmap on an Ubuntu or Debian machine by entering:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nmap
One of the side benefits of installing this software is an improved port mapping file. You can see a much more extensive association between ports and services by looking in this file:
less /usr/share/nmap/nmap-services
You’ll see output like this:
. . .
tcpmux 1/tcp 0.001995 # TCP Port Service Multiplexer [rfc-1078]
tcpmux 1/udp 0.001236 # TCP Port Service Multiplexer
compressnet 2/tcp 0.000013 # Management Utility
compressnet 2/udp 0.001845 # Management Utility
compressnet 3/tcp 0.001242 # Compression Process
compressnet 3/udp 0.001532 # Compression Process
unknown 4/tcp 0.000477
rje 5/udp 0.000593 # Remote Job Entry
unknown 6/tcp 0.000502
echo 7/tcp 0.004855
echo 7/udp 0.024679
echo 7/sctp 0.000000
. . .
Besides having almost 20 thousand lines, this file also has additional fields, such as the third column, which lists the open frequency of that port as discovered during research scans on the internet.
Scanning Ports with nmap
Nmap can reveal a lot of information about a host. It can also make system administrators of the target system think that someone has malicious intent. For this reason, only test it on servers that you own or in situations where you’ve notified the owners.
The nmap creators provide a test server located at scanme.nmap.org.
This, or your own servers are good targets for practicing nmap.
Here are some common operations that can be performed with nmap. We will run them all with sudo privileges to avoid returning partial results for some queries. Some commands may take a long while to complete:
Scan for the host operating system:
sudo nmap -O scanme.nmap.org
Skip network discovery portion and assume the host is online. This is useful if you get a reply that says “Note: Host seems down” in your other tests. Add this to the other options:
sudo nmap -PN scanme.nmap.org
Scan without preforming a reverse DNS lookup on the IP address specified. This should speed up your results in most cases:
sudo nmap -n scanme.nmap.org
Scan a specific port instead of all common ports:
sudo nmap -p 80 scanme.nmap.org
To scan for TCP connections, nmap can perform a 3-way handshake (explained below), with the targeted port. Execute it like this:
sudo nmap -sT scanme.nmap.org
To scan for UDP connections, type:
sudo nmap -sU scanme.nmap.org
Scan for every TCP and UDP open port:
sudo nmap -n -PN -sT -sU -p- scanme.nmap.org
A TCP “SYN” scan exploits the way that TCP establishes a connection.
To start a TCP connection, the requesting end sends a “synchronize request” packet to the server. The server then sends a “synchronize acknowledgment” packet back. The original sender then sends back an “acknowledgment” packet back to the server, and a connection is established.
A “SYN” scan, however, drops the connection when the first packet is returned from the server. This is called a “half-open” scan and used to be promoted as a way to surreptitiously scan for ports, since the application associated with that port would not receive the traffic, because the connection is never completed.
This is no longer considered stealthy with the adoption of more advanced firewalls and the flagging of incomplete SYN request in many configurations.
To perform a SYN scan, execute:
sudo nmap -sS scanme.nmap.org
A more stealthy approach is sending invalid TCP headers, which, if the host conforms to the TCP specifications, should send a packet back if that port is closed. This will work on non-Windows based servers.
You can use the “-sF”, “-sX”, or “-sN” flags. They all will produce the response we are looking for:
sudo nmap -PN -p 80 -sN scanme.nmap.org
To see what version of a service is running on the host, you can try this command. It tries to determine the service and version by testing different responses from the server:
sudo nmap -PN -p 80 -sV scanme.nmap.org
Finally, you can use nmap to scan multiple machines.
To specify a range of IP addresses with “-” or “/24” to scan a number of hosts at once, use a command like the following:
sudo nmap -PN xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx-yyy
Or scan a network range for available services with a command like this:
sudo nmap -sP xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx-yyy
There are many other command combinations that you can use, but this should get you started on exploring your networking vulnerabilities.
Conclusion
Understanding port configuration and how to discover what the attack vectors are on your server is only one step to securing your information and your VPS. It is an essentail skill, however.
Discovering which ports are open and what information can be obtained from the services accepting connections on those ports gives you the information that you need to lock down your server. Any extraneous information leaked out of your machine can be used by a malicious user to try to exploit known vulnerabilities or develop new ones. The less they can figure out, the better.
