Introduction
Node.js is an open-source JavaScript runtime environment for building server-side and networking applications. The platform runs on Linux, MacOS, FreeBSD, and Windows. Node.js applications can be run at the command line, but we’ll focus on running them as a service, so that they will automatically restart on reboot or failure, and can safely be used in a production environment.
In this tutorial, we will cover setting up a production-ready Node.js environment on a single Ubuntu 16.04 server. This server will run a Node.js application managed by PM2, and provide users with secure access to the application through an Nginx reverse proxy. The Nginx server will offer HTTPS, using a free certificate provided by Let’s Encrypt.
Prerequisites
This guide assumes that you have the following:
An Ubuntu 16.04 server, configured with a non-root user with sudo privileges, as described in the initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 16.04.
A domain name pointed at your server’s public IP, as per How to Set Up a Host Name with DigitalOcean. This tutorial will use example.com throughout.
Nginx installed, covered in How To Install Nginx on Ubuntu 16.04
Nginx configured with SSL using Let’s Encrypt certificates. How To Secure Nginx with Let’s Encrypt on Ubuntu 16.04 will walk you through the process.
When you’ve completed the prerequisites you will have a server serving the default Nginx placeholder page at https://example.com/.
Let’s get started by installing the Node.js runtime on your server.
Step 1 — Installing Node.js
We will install the latest LTS release of Node.js, using the NodeSource package archives.
First, you need to install the NodeSource PPA in order to get access to its contents. Make sure you’re in your home directory, and use curl to retrieve the installation script for the Node.js 16.x archives:
cd ~
curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_16.x -o nodesource_setup.sh
You can inspect the contents of this script with nano (or your preferred text editor):
nano nodesource_setup.sh
Then run the script under sudo:
sudo bash nodesource_setup.sh
The PPA will be added to your configuration and your local package cache will be updated automatically. After running the setup script from nodesource, you can install the Node.js package in the same way that you did above:
sudo apt-get install nodejs
The nodejs package contains the node binary as well as npm, so you don’t need to install npm separately. However, in order for some npm packages to work (such as those that require compiling code from source), you will need to install the build-essential package:
sudo apt-get install build-essential
The Node.js runtime is now installed, and ready to run an application. Let’s write a Node.js application.
Step 2 — Creating a Node.js Application
We will write a Hello World application that returns “Hello World” to any HTTP requests. This is a sample application that will help you get your Node.js set up, which you can replace with your own application — just make sure that you modify your application to listen on the appropriate IP addresses and ports.
Hello World Code
First, create and open your Node.js application for editing. For this tutorial, we will use nano to edit a sample application called hello.js:
cd ~
nano hello.js
Insert the following code into the file. If you want to, you may replace the highlighted port, 8080, in both locations (be sure to use a non-admin port, i.e. 1024 or greater):
hello.js
#!/usr/bin/env nodejs
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('Hello Worldn');
}).listen(8080, 'localhost');
console.log('Server running at http://localhost:8080/');
Now save and exit.
This Node.js application listens on the specified address (localhost) and port (8080), and returns “Hello World” with a 200 HTTP success code. Since we’re listening on localhost, remote clients won’t be able to connect to our application.
Test Application
In order to test your application, set hello.js to be executable using chmod:
chmod +x ./hello.js
Then run it like so:
./hello.js
Server running at http://localhost:8080/
Note: Running a Node.js application in this manner will block additional commands until the application is killed by pressing Ctrl-C.
In order to test the application, open another terminal session on your server, and connect to localhost with curl:
curl http://localhost:8080
If you see the following output, the application is working properly and listening on the proper address and port:
Hello World
If you do not see the proper output, make sure that your Node.js application is running, and configured to listen on the proper address and port.
Once you’re sure it’s working, switch back to your other terminal and kill the Node.js application (if you haven’t already) by pressing Ctrl+C.
Step 3 — Installing PM2
Now we will install PM2, which is a process manager for Node.js applications. PM2 provides an easy way to manage and daemonize applications (run them in the background as a service).
We will use npm, a package manager for Node modules that installs with Node.js, to install PM2 on our server. Use this command to install PM2:
sudo npm install -g pm2
The -g option tells npm to install the module globally, so that it’s available system-wide.
Step 4 — Managing Applications with PM2
We will cover a few basic uses of PM2.
Start Application
The first thing you will want to do is use the pm2 start command to run your application, hello.js, in the background:
pm2 start hello.js
This also adds your application to PM2’s process list, which is outputted every time you start an application:
[PM2] Spawning PM2 daemon with pm2_home=/home/sammy/.pm2
[PM2] PM2 Successfully daemonized
[PM2] Starting /home/sammy/hello.js in fork_mode (1 instance)
[PM2] Done.
┌─────┬──────────┬─────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬────────┬──────┬───────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ id │ name │ namespace │ version │ mode │ pid │ uptime │ ↺ │ status │ cpu │ mem │ user │ watching │
├─────┼──────────┼─────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼────────┼──────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┤
│ 0 │ hello │ default │ N/A │ fork │ 13734 │ 0s │ 0 │ online │ 0% │ 25.0mb │ sammy │ disabled │
└─────┴──────────┴─────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────────┴────────┴──────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘
As you can see, PM2 automatically assigns a name (based on the filename, without the .js extension) and a PM2 id. PM2 also maintains other information, such as the PID of the process, its current status, and memory usage.
Applications that are running under PM2 will be restarted automatically if the application crashes or is killed, but an additional step needs to be taken to get the application to launch on system startup (boot or reboot). Luckily, PM2 provides an easy way to do this, the startup subcommand.
The startup subcommand generates and configures a startup script to launch PM2 and its managed processes on server boots:
pm2 startup systemd
The last line of the resulting output will include a command that you must run with superuser privileges:
[PM2] Init System found: systemd
[PM2] You have to run this command as root. Execute the following command:
sudo env PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin /usr/lib/node_modules/pm2/bin/pm2 startup systemd -u sammy --hp /home/sammy
Run the command that was generated (similar to the highlighted output above, but with your username instead of sammy) to set PM2 up to start on boot (use the command from your own output):
sudo env PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin /usr/lib/node_modules/pm2/bin/pm2 startup systemd -u sammy --hp /home/sammy
This will create a systemd unit which runs pm2 for your user on boot. This pm2 instance, in turn, runs hello.js. You can check the status of the systemd unit with systemctl:
systemctl status pm2-sammy
For a detailed overview of systemd, see Systemd Essentials: Working with Services, Units, and the Journal.
Other PM2 Usage (Optional)
PM2 provides many subcommands that allow you to manage or look up information about your applications. Note that running pm2 without any arguments will display a help page, including example usage, that covers PM2 usage in more detail than this section of the tutorial.
Stop an application with this command (specify the PM2 App name or id):
pm2 stop app_name_or_id
Restart an application with this command (specify the PM2 App name or id):
pm2 restart app_name_or_id
The list of applications currently managed by PM2 can also be looked up with the list subcommand:
pm2 list
More information about a specific application can be found by using the info subcommand (specify the PM2 App name or id):
pm2 info example
The PM2 process monitor can be pulled up with the monit subcommand. This displays the application status, CPU, and memory usage:
pm2 monit
Now that your Node.js application is running, and managed by PM2, let’s set up the reverse proxy.
Step 5 — Setting Up Nginx as a Reverse Proxy Server
Now that your application is running, and listening on localhost, you need to set up a way for your users to access it. We will set up the Nginx web server as a reverse proxy for this purpose.
In the prerequisite tutorial, we set up our Nginx configuration in the /etc/nginx/sites-available/default file. Open the file for editing:
sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
Within the server block you should have an existing location / block. Replace the contents of that block with the following configuration. If your application is set to listen on a different port, update the highlighted portion to the correct port number.
/etc/nginx/sites-available/default
. . .
location / {
proxy_pass http://localhost:8080;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade';
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
}
}
This configures the server to respond to requests at its root. Assuming our server is available at example.com, accessing https://example.com/ via a web browser would send the request to hello.js, listening on port 8080 at localhost.
You can add additional location blocks to the same server block to provide access to other applications on the same server. For example, if you were also running another Node.js application on port 8081, you could add this location block to allow access to it via http://example.com/app2:
/etc/nginx/sites-available/default — Optional
location /app2 {
proxy_pass http://localhost:8081;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade';
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
}
Once you are done adding the location blocks for your applications, save and exit.
Make sure you didn’t introduce any syntax errors by typing:
sudo nginx -t
Next, restart Nginx:
sudo systemctl restart nginx
Assuming that your Node.js application is running, and your application and Nginx configurations are correct, you should now be able to access your application via the Nginx reverse proxy. Try it out by accessing your server’s URL (its public IP address or domain name).
Conclusion
Congratulations! You now have your Node.js application running behind an Nginx reverse proxy on an Ubuntu 16.04 server. This reverse proxy setup is flexible enough to provide your users access to other applications or static web content that you want to share. Good luck with your Node.js development.
