Status: Deprecated
This article covers a version of Ubuntu that is no longer supported. If you are currently operate a server running Ubuntu 12.04, we highly recommend upgrading or migrating to a supported version of Ubuntu:
Upgrade to Ubuntu 14.04.
Upgrade from Ubuntu 14.04 to Ubuntu 16.04
Migrate the server data to a supported version
Reason:
Ubuntu 12.04 reached end of life (EOL) on April 28, 2017 and no longer receives security patches or updates. This guide is no longer maintained.
See Instead:
This guide might still be useful as a reference, but may not work on other Ubuntu releases. If available, we strongly recommend using a guide written for the version of Ubuntu you are using. You can use the search functionality at the top of the page to find a more recent version.
About Iptables
In order to make a server more secure after the initial set up, Ubuntu ships with iptables which is the distribution’s default firewall. At the outset, although the Ubuntu firewall is configured, it is set up to allow all incoming and outgoing traffic on a virtual private server. To enable some stronger protection on the server, we can add some basic iptables rules.
The iptables rules come from a series of options that can be combined to create each specific process. Each packet that crossing the firewall is checked by each rule in order. As soon as it matches a rule, the packet follows the associated action, otherwise it proceeds down the line.
Note: This tutorial covers IPv4 security. In Linux, IPv6 security is maintained separately from IPv4. For example, “iptables” only maintains firewall rules for IPv4 addresses but it has an IPv6 counterpart called “ip6tables”, which can be used to maintain firewall rules for IPv6 network addresses.
If your VPS is configured for IPv6, please remember to secure both your IPv4 and IPv6 network interfaces with the appropriate tools. For more information about IPv6 tools, refer to this guide: How To Configure Tools to Use IPv6 on a Linux VPS
Iptables Commands
Although this tutorial will go over a limited amount of commands that would provide a server with some basic security, there are a variety of nuanced and specific cases that can be developed for iptables. Below are some of the most useful commands for developing a firewall for your VPS, but keep in mind that this is a short list and there are a variety of other options.
-A: (Append), adds a rule to iptables -L: (List), shows the current rules -m conntrack: allows rules to be based on the current connection state, elaborated in the the --cstate command. --cstate: explains the states that connections can be in, there are 4: New, Related, Established, and Invalid -p: (protocol), refers to the the protocol of the rule or of the packet to check.The specified protocol can be one of tcp, udp, udplite, icmp, esp, ah, sctp or the special keyword "all". --dport: (port), refers to the the port through which the machine connects -j: (jump), this command refers to the action that needs to be taken if something matches a rule perfectly. It translates to one of four possibilities: -ACCEPT: the packet is accepted, and no further rules are processed -REJECT: the packet is rejected, and the sender is notified, and no further rules are processed -DROP: the packet is rejected, but the sender is not notified, and no further rules are processed -LOG: the packet is accepted but logged, and the following rules are processed -I: (Insert), adds a rule between two previous ones -I INPUT 3: inserts a rule to make it the third in the list -v: (verbose), offers more details about a rule
Creating the Iptables Rules:
If you type in the following, you can see the current iptables rules:
sudo iptables -L
They should look like this:
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination
If you have another set of rules in place or want to start fresh, you can always set the rules back to the default by flushing and deleting all of them:
sudo iptables -F
Additionally, if you want speed up your work with iptables, you can include -n in the command. This option disables DNS lookups and prevents the command from trying to find the reverse of each IP in the ruleset. You could use this to list rules, as an example:
iptables -L -n
A Basic Firewall
As it stands the current rules allow all connections, both incoming and outgoing. There are no security measures in place whatsoever. As we build up the table, keep in mind that as soon as a packet is ACCEPTED, REJECTED, or DROPPED, no further rules are processed. Therefore the rules that come first take priority over later ones.
While creating the rules, we have to be sure to prevent ourselves from accidentally blocking SSH (the method through which we connected to the server).
To start off, let’s be sure to allow all current connections, all of the connections at the time of making the rule, will stay online:
sudo iptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
We can go ahead and break this down:
-A tells iptables to append a rule to the table.
INPUT designates this rule as part of the Input chain.
m conntrack followed by the –cstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED guarantees that the result of this rule will only apply to current connections and those related to them are allowed
-j ACCEPT tells the packet to JUMP to accept and the connections are still in place.
After we are assured that all the current connections to the virtual private server can stay up uninterrupted, we can proceed to start blocking off other insecure connections.
Let’s assume that we want to block all incoming traffic, except for those coming in on 2 common ports: 22 for SSH and 80 for web traffic. We proceed by allowing all traffic on the designated ports with the following commands:
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
In both of these commands, the -p option stands for the protocol with which the connection is being made, in this case tcp, while the –dport specifies the port through which the packet is being transmitted.
After we have guaranteed that the desirable traffic will make it through the firewall, we can finish up by blocking all remaing traffic from accessing our virtual server. Because this is the last rule in the list, all traffic that matches any of the previous rules in iptables will not be affected, and will be treated as we set up previously.
Let’s make a rule to block all of the remaining traffic:
sudo iptables -P INPUT DROP
With that, we can see what our updated rules look like:
sudo iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:http
We are almost finished. However, we are missing one more rule. We need to provide our VPS with loopback access. If we were to add the rule now without further qualifiers, it would go to the end of the list and, since it would follow the rule to block all traffic, would never be put into effect.
In order to counter this issue, we need to make this rule first in the list, using the INPUT option :
sudo iptables -I INPUT 1 -i lo -j ACCEPT
-I INPUT 1 places this rule at the beginning of the table
lo refers to the loopback interface
-j ACCEPT then guarantees that the loopback traffic will be accepted
Now we have finished creating a basic firewall. Your rules should look like this (we can see the details of the iptable by typing -v):
sudo iptables -L -v
Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo any anywhere anywhere
1289 93442 ACCEPT all -- any any anywhere anywhere ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED
2 212 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:http
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 157 packets, 25300 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
However, as soon as the virtual server reboots, the iptables rules will be wiped. The next step will go over saving and restoring the iptables rules.
Saving Iptables Rules
Although the iptables rules are effective, they will automatically be deleted if the server reboots. To make sure that they remain in effect, we can use a package called IP-Tables persistent.
We can install it using apt-get:
sudo apt-get install iptables-persistent
During the installation, you will be asked if you want to save the iptables rules to both the IPv4 rules and the IPv6 rules. Say yes to both.
Your rules will then be saved in /etc/iptables/rules.v4 and /etc/iptables/rules.v6.
Once the installation is complete, start iptables-persistent running:
sudo service iptables-persistent start
After any server reboot, you will see that the rules remain in place.
By Etel Sverdlov
