Introduction
MySQL is an open-source database management system, commonly installed as part of the popular LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) stack. It uses a relational database and SQL (Structured Query Language) to manage its data.
The short version of the installation is simple: update your package index, install the mysql-server package, and then run the included security and database initialization scripts.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
sudo mysql_secure_installation
sudo mysql_install_db
This tutorial will explain how to install MySQL version 5.5, 5.6, or 5.7 on a Ubuntu 14.04 server. If you want more detail on these installation instructions, or if you want to install a specific version of MySQL, read on. However, if you’re looking to update an existing MySQL installation to version 5.7, you can read this MySQL 5.7 update guide instead.
Prerequisites
To follow this tutorial, you will need:
One Ubuntu 14.04 Droplet with a sudo non-root user.
Step 1 — Installing MySQL
There are two ways to install MySQL. You can either use one of the versions included in the APT package repository by default (which are 5.5 and 5.6), or you can install the latest version (currently 5.7) by manually adding MySQL’s repository first.
If you want to install a specific version of MySQL, follow the appropriate section below. To help you decide which version is best for you, you can read MySQL’s introduction to MySQL 5.5, then what’s new in MySQL 5.6 and what’s new in MySQL 5.7.
If you’re not sure, you can just use the mysql-server APT package, which just installs the latest version for your Linux distribution. At the time of writing, that’s 5.5, but you can always update to another version later.
To install MySQL this way, update the package index on your server and install the package with apt-get.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
You’ll be prompted to create a root password during the installation. Choose a secure one and make sure you remember it, because you’ll need it later. Move on to step two from here.
Installing MySQL 5.5 or 5.6
If you want to install MySQL 5.5 or 5.6 specifically, the process is still very straightforward. First, update the package index on your server.
sudo apt-get update
Then, to install MySQL 5.5, install the mysql-server-5.5 package.
sudo apt-get install mysql-server-5.5
To install MySQL 5.6, install the mysql-server-5.6 package instead.
sudo apt-get install mysql-server-5.6
For both options, you’ll be prompted to create a root password during the installation. Choose a secure one and make sure you remember it, because you’ll need it later.
Installing MySQL 5.7
If you want to install MySQL 5.7, you’ll need to add the newer APT package repository from the MySQL APT repository page. Click Download on the bottom right, then copy the link on the next page from No thanks, just start my download. Download the .deb package to your server.
wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.6.0-1_all.deb
Next, install it using dpkg.
sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.6.0-1_all.deb
You’ll see a prompt that asks you which MySQL product you want to configure. The MySQL Server option, which is highlighted, should say mysql-5.7. If it doesn’t, press ENTER, then scroll down to mysql-5.7 using the arrow keys, and press ENTER again.
Once the option says mysql-5.7, scroll down on the main menu to Apply and press ENTER again. Now, update your package index.
sudo apt-get update
Finally, install the mysql-server package, which now contains MySQL 5.7.
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
You’ll be prompted to create a root password during the installation. Choose a secure one and make sure you remember it, because you’ll need it later.
Step 2 — Configuring MySQL
First, you’ll want to run the included security script. This changes some of the less secure default options for things like remote root logins and sample users.
sudo mysql_secure_installation
This will prompt you for the root password you created in step one. You can press ENTER to accept the defaults for all the subsequent questions, with the exception of the one that asks if you’d like to change the root password. You just set it in step one, so you don’t have to change it now.
Next, we’ll initialize the MySQL data directory, which is where MySQL stores its data. How you do this depends on which version of MySQL you’re running. You can check your version of MySQL with the following command.
mysql --version
You’ll see some output like this:
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.11, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
If you’re using a version of MySQL earlier than 5.7.6, you should initialize the data directory by running mysql_install_db.
sudo mysql_install_db
Note: In MySQL 5.6, you might get an error that says FATAL ERROR: Could not find my-default.cnf. If you do, copy the /usr/share/my.cnf configuration file into the location that mysql_install_db expects, then rerun it.
sudo cp /etc/mysql/my.cnf /usr/share/mysql/my-default.cnf
sudo mysql_install_db
This is due to some changes made in MySQL 5.6 and a minor error in the APT package.
The mysql_install_db command is deprecated as of MySQL 5.7.6. If you’re using version 5.7.6 or later, you should use mysqld --initialize instead.
However, if you installed version 5.7 from the Debian distribution, like in step one, the data directory was initialized automatically, so you don’t have to do anything. If you try running the command anyway, you’ll see the following error:
2016-03-07T20:11:15.998193Z 0 [ERROR] --initialize specified but the data directory has files in it. Aborting.
Step 3 — Testing MySQL
Regardless of how you installed it, MySQL should have started running automatically. To test this, check its status.
service mysql status
You’ll see the following output (with a different PID).
mysql start/running, process 2689
If MySQL isn’t running, you can start it with sudo service mysql start.
For an additional check, you can try connecting to the database using the mysqladmin tool, which is a client that lets you run administrative commands. For example, this command says to connect to MySQL as root (-u root), prompt for a password (-p), and return the version.
mysqladmin -p -u root version
You should see output similar to this:
mysqladmin Ver 8.42 Distrib 5.5.47, for debian-linux-gnu on x86_64
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Server version 5.5.47-0ubuntu0.14.04.1
Protocol version 10
Connection Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
Uptime: 4 min 15 sec
Threads: 1 Questions: 602 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 189 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 41 Queries per second avg: 2.360
This means MySQL is up and running.
Conclusion
You now have a basic MySQL setup installed on your server. Here are a few examples of next steps you can take:
Implement some additional security measures
Create hot backups with Percona XtraBackup
Learn how to use MySQL with Django applications or Ruby on Rails applications
Manage your MySQL servers with SaltStack
