Introduction
MariaDB is an open-source database management system (DBMS), commonly used as an alternative for the MySQL portion of the popular LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) stack. It’s intended to be a drop-in replacement for MySQL and Debian now only ships with MariaDB packages. If you attempt to install MySQL server-related packages, you’ll receive the compatible MariaDB replacement versions instead.
The short version of this installation guide consists of the following three steps:
Update your package index using apt
Install the mariadb-server package using apt. The package also pulls in related tools to interact with MariaDB
Run the included mysql_secure_installation security script to restrict access to the server
sudo apt update
sudo apt install mariadb-server
sudo mysql_secure_installation
This tutorial will explain how to install MariaDB version 10.3 on a Debian 10 server, and verify that it is running and has a safe initial configuration.
Prerequisites
To complete this tutorial, you will need one Debian 10 server set up with a non-root user with sudo privileges and a firewall. You can set this up by following our initial server setup guide.
Step 1 — Installing MariaDB
On Debian 10, MariaDB version 10.3 is included in the APT package repositories by default. It is marked as the default MySQL variant by the Debian MySQL/MariaDB packaging team.
To install it, update the package index on your server with apt:
sudo apt update
Then install the package:
sudo apt install mariadb-server
These commands will install MariaDB, but will not prompt you to set a password or make any other configuration changes. Because the default configuration leaves your installation of MariaDB insecure, you’ll use a script that the mariadb-server package provides to restrict access to the server and remove unused accounts.
Step 2 — Configuring MariaDB
For new MariaDB installations, the next step is to run the included security script. This script changes some of the less secure default options. We will use it to block remote root logins and to remove unused database users.
Run the following security script:
sudo mysql_secure_installation
This will take you through a series of prompts where you can make some changes to your MariaDB installation’s security options. The first prompt will ask you to enter the current database root password. Since you haven’t set one up yet, press ENTER to indicate “none”.
The next prompt asks you whether you’d like to set up a database root password. Type N and then press ENTER. In Debian, the root account for MariaDB is tied closely to automated system maintenance, so you should not change the configured authentication methods for that account. Doing so would make it possible for a package update to break the database system by removing access to the administrative account. Later, we will cover how to optionally set up an additional administrative account for password access if socket authentication is not appropriate for your use case.
From there, you can press Y and then ENTER to accept the defaults for all the subsequent questions. This will remove some anonymous users and the test database, disable remote root logins, and load these new rules so that MariaDB immediately respects the changes you have made.
Step 3 — (Optional) Adjusting User Authentication and Privileges
In Debian systems running MariaDB 10.3, the root MariaDB user is set to authenticate using the unix_socket plugin by default rather than with a password. This allows for some greater security and usability in many cases, but it can also complicate things when you need to allow an external program (e.g., phpMyAdmin) administrative rights.
Because the server uses the root account for tasks like log rotation and starting and stopping the server, it is best not to change the root account’s authentication details. Changing credentials in the /etc/mysql/debian.cnf configuration file may work initially, but package updates could potentially overwrite those changes. Instead of modifying the root account, the package maintainers recommend creating a separate administrative account for password-based access.
To demonstrate this process, we will create a new account called admin with the same capabilities as the root account, but configured for password authentication. To do this, open up the MariaDB prompt from your terminal:
sudo mysql
Now, create a new user with root privileges and password-based access. Change the username and password to match your preferences:
GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' WITH GRANT OPTION;
Flush the privileges to ensure that they are saved and available in the current session:
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Following this, exit the MariaDB shell:
exit
Bye
Next, let’s test the MariaDB installation.
Step 4 — Testing MariaDB
When installed from the default repositories, MariaDB should start running automatically. To test this, check its status:
sudo systemctl status mariadb
You’ll receive output that is similar to the following:
● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3.31 database server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset:
Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-03-14 18:33:32 UTC; 2min 2s ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
Main PID: 3229 (mysqld)
Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..."
Tasks: 31 (limit: 4915)
Memory: 74.4M
CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service
└─3229 /usr/sbin/mysqld
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: performance_schema
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: Phase 6/7: Checking and u
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: Running 'mysqlcheck' with
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: # Connecting to localhost
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: # Disconnecting from loca
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: Processing databases
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: information_schema
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: performance_schema
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: Phase 7/7: Running 'FLUSH
Mar 14 18:33:32 mariadb /etc/mysql/debian-start[3267]: OK
If MariaDB isn’t running, you can start it with the command sudo systemctl start mariadb.
For an additional check, you can try connecting to the database using the mysqladmin tool, which is a client that lets you run administrative commands. For example, this command says to connect to MariaDB as root and return the version using the Unix socket:
sudo mysqladmin version
Your output should be similar to the following:
mysqladmin Ver 9.1 Distrib 10.3.31-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu on x86_64
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Server version 10.3.31-MariaDB-0+deb10u1
Protocol version 10
Connection Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
Uptime: 3 min 6 sec
Threads: 6 Questions: 473 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 175 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 31 Queries per second avg: 2.543
If you configured a separate administrative user with password authentication, you can perform the same operation by running the following command:
mysqladmin -u admin -p version
Ver 9.1 Distrib 10.3.31-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu on x86_64
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Server version 10.3.31-MariaDB-0+deb10u1
Protocol version 10
Connection Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
Uptime: 7 min 11 sec
Threads: 6 Questions: 474 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 175 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 31 Queries per second avg: 1.099
This output means that MariaDB is up and running and that your user is able to authenticate successfully.
Conclusion
In this guide, you installed MariaDB to act as a SQL server. During the installation process, you also secured the server. Optionally, you also created a separate user to ensure administrative access to MariaDB across package updates.
Now that you have a running and secure MariaDB server, here are some examples of the next steps that you can take to work with the server:
Import and export databases
You can also incorporate MariaDB into a larger application stack:
How To Install Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, PHP (LEMP stack) on Debian 10
