Introduction
An important part of managing server configuration and infrastructure includes maintaining an easy way to look up network interfaces and IP addresses by name, by setting up a proper Domain Name System (DNS). Using fully qualified domain names (FQDNs), instead of IP addresses, to specify network addresses eases the configuration of services and applications, and increases the maintainability of configuration files. Setting up your own DNS for your private network is a great way to improve the management of your servers.
In this tutorial, we will go over how to set up an internal DNS server, using the BIND name server software (BIND9) on Ubuntu 16.04, that can be used by your servers to resolve private hostnames and private IP addresses. This provides a central way to manage your internal hostnames and private IP addresses, which is indispensable when your environment expands to more than a few hosts.
The CentOS version of this tutorial can be found here.
Prerequisites
To complete this tutorial, you will need the following:
Some servers running in the same datacenter with private networking enabled. These will be your DNS clients.
A new server to serve as the Primary DNS server, ns1
(Recommended) A new server to serve as a Secondary DNS server, ns2
Administrative access with a sudo user to the above servers. You can follow our Ubuntu 16.04 initial server setup guide to set this up.
If you are unfamiliar with DNS concepts, it is recommended that you read at least the first three parts of our Introduction to Managing DNS.
Example Infrastructure and Goals
For the purposes of this article, we will assume the following:
We have two existing client servers that will be utilizing the DNS infrastructure we create. We will call these host1 and host2 in this guide. You can add as many as you’d like for your infrastructure.
We have an additional two servers which will be designated as our DNS name servers. We will refer to these as ns1 and ns2 in this guide.
All of these servers exist in the same datacenter. We will assume that this is the nyc3 datacenter.
All of these servers have private networking enabled (and are on the 10.128.0.0/16 subnet. You will likely have to adjust this for your servers).
All servers are somehow related to our web application that runs on “example.com”.
With these assumptions, we decide that it makes sense to use a naming scheme that uses “nyc3.example.com” to refer to our private subnet or zone. Therefore, host1’s private Fully-Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) will be host1.nyc3.example.com. Refer to the following table the relevant details:
Host
Role
Private FQDN
Private IP Address
ns1
Primary DNS Server
ns1.nyc3.example.com
10.128.10.11
ns2
Secondary DNS Server
ns2.nyc3.example.com
10.128.20.12
host1
Generic Host 1
host1.nyc3.example.com
10.128.100.101
host2
Generic Host 2
host2.nyc3.example.com
10.128.200.102
Note
Your existing setup will be different, but the example names and IP addresses will be used to demonstrate how to configure a DNS server to provide a functioning internal DNS. You should be able to easily adapt this setup to your own environment by replacing the host names and private IP addresses with your own. It is not necessary to use the region name of the datacenter in your naming scheme, but we use it here to denote that these hosts belong to a particular datacenter’s private network. If you utilize multiple datacenters, you can set up an internal DNS within each respective datacenter.
By the end of this tutorial, we will have a primary DNS server, ns1, and optionally a secondary DNS server, ns2, which will serve as a backup.
Let’s get started by installing our Primary DNS server, ns1.
Install BIND on DNS Servers
Note
Text that is highlighted in red is important! It will often be used to denote something that needs to be replaced with your own settings or that it should be modified or added to a configuration file. For example, if you see something like host1.nyc3.example.com, replace it with the FQDN of your own server. Likewise, if you see host1_private_IP, replace it with the private IP address of your own server.
On both DNS servers, ns1 and ns2, update the apt package cache by typing:
sudo apt-get update
Now install BIND:
sudo apt-get install bind9 bind9utils bind9-doc
IPv4 Mode
Before continuing, let’s set BIND to IPv4 mode. On both servers, edit the bind9 systemd unit file by typing:
sudo systemctl edit --full bind9
Add “-4” to the end of the ExecStart directive. It should look like the following:
/etc/systemd/system/bind9.service
. . .
[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/named -f -u bind -4
Save and close the editor when you are finished.
Reload the systemd daemon to read the new configuration into the running system:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
Restart BIND to implement the changes:
sudo systemctl restart bind9
Now that BIND is installed, let’s configure the primary DNS server.
Configure Primary DNS Server
BIND’s configuration consists of multiple files, which are included from the main configuration file, named.conf. These filenames begin with named because that is the name of the process that BIND runs. We will start with configuring the options file.
Configure Options File
On ns1, open the named.conf.options file for editing:
sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.options
Above the existing options block, create a new ACL block called “trusted”. This is where we will define list of clients that we will allow recursive DNS queries from (i.e. your servers that are in the same datacenter as ns1). Using our example private IP addresses, we will add ns1, ns2, host1, and host2 to our list of trusted clients:
/etc/bind/named.conf.options — 1 of 3
acl "trusted" {
10.128.10.11; # ns1 - can be set to localhost
10.128.20.12; # ns2
10.128.100.101; # host1
10.128.200.102; # host2
};
options {
. . .
Now that we have our list of trusted DNS clients, we will want to edit the options block. Currently, the start of the block looks like the following:
/etc/bind/named.conf.options — 2 of 3
. . .
};
options {
directory "/var/cache/bind";
. . .
}
Below the directory directive, add the highlighted configuration lines (and substitute in the proper ns1 IP address) so it looks something like this:
/etc/bind/named.conf.options — 3 of 3
. . .
};
options {
directory "/var/cache/bind";
recursion yes; # enables resursive queries
allow-recursion { trusted; }; # allows recursive queries from "trusted" clients
listen-on { 10.128.10.11; }; # ns1 private IP address - listen on private network only
allow-transfer { none; }; # disable zone transfers by default
forwarders {
8.8.8.8;
8.8.4.4;
};
. . .
};
When you are finished, save and close the named.conf.options file. The above configuration specifies that only your own servers (the “trusted” ones) will be able to query your DNS server.
Next, we will configure the local file, to specify our DNS zones.
Configure Local File
On ns1, open the named.conf.local file for editing:
sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.local
Aside from a few comments, the file should be empty. Here, we will specify our forward and reverse zones.
Add the forward zone with the following lines (substitute the zone name with your own):
/etc/bind/named.conf.local — 1 of 2
zone "nyc3.example.com" {
type master;
file "/etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com"; # zone file path
allow-transfer { 10.128.20.12; }; # ns2 private IP address - secondary
};
Assuming that our private subnet is 10.128.0.0/16, add the reverse zone by with the following lines (note that our reverse zone name starts with “128.10” which is the octet reversal of “10.128”):
/etc/bind/named.conf.local — 2 of 2
. . .
};
zone "128.10.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "/etc/bind/zones/db.10.128"; # 10.128.0.0/16 subnet
allow-transfer { 10.128.20.12; }; # ns2 private IP address - secondary
};
If your servers span multiple private subnets but are in the same datacenter, be sure to specify an additional zone and zone file for each distinct subnet. When you are finished adding all of your desired zones, save and exit the named.conf.local file.
Now that our zones are specified in BIND, we need to create the corresponding forward and reverse zone files.
Create Forward Zone File
The forward zone file is where we define DNS records for forward DNS lookups. That is, when the DNS receives a name query, “host1.nyc3.example.com” for example, it will look in the forward zone file to resolve host1’s corresponding private IP address.
Let’s create the directory where our zone files will reside. According to our named.conf.local configuration, that location should be /etc/bind/zones:
sudo mkdir /etc/bind/zones
We will base our forward zone file on the sample db.local zone file. Copy it to the proper location with the following commands:
cd /etc/bind/zones
sudo cp ../db.local ./db.nyc3.example.com
Now let’s edit our forward zone file:
sudo nano /etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com
Initially, it will look something like the following:
/etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — original
$TTL 604800
@ IN SOA localhost. root.localhost. (
2 ; Serial
604800 ; Refresh
86400 ; Retry
2419200 ; Expire
604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
;
@ IN NS localhost. ; delete this line
@ IN A 127.0.0.1 ; delete this line
@ IN AAAA ::1 ; delete this line
First, you will want to edit the SOA record. Replace the first “localhost” with ns1’s FQDN, then replace “root.localhost” with “admin.nyc3.example.com”. Also, every time you edit a zone file, you should increment the serial value before you restart the named process. We will increment it to “3”. It should look something like this:
/etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — updated 1 of 3
@ IN SOA ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
3 ; Serial
. . .
Now delete the three records at the end of the file (after the SOA record). If you’re not sure which lines to delete, they are marked with a “delete this line” comment above.
At the end of the file, add your name server records with the following lines (replace the names with your own). Note that the second column specifies that these are “NS” records:
/etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — updated 2 of 3
. . .
; name servers - NS records
IN NS ns1.nyc3.example.com.
IN NS ns2.nyc3.example.com.
Then add the A records for your hosts that belong in this zone. This includes any server whose name we want to end with “.nyc3.example.com” (substitute the names and private IP addresses). Using our example names and private IP addresses, we will add A records for ns1, ns2, host1, and host2 like so:
/etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — updated 3 of 3
. . .
; name servers - A records
ns1.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.10.11
ns2.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.20.12
; 10.128.0.0/16 - A records
host1.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.100.101
host2.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.200.102
Save and close the db.nyc3.example.com file.
Our final example forward zone file looks like the following:
/etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — updated
$TTL 604800
@ IN SOA ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
3 ; Serial
604800 ; Refresh
86400 ; Retry
2419200 ; Expire
604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
;
; name servers - NS records
IN NS ns1.nyc3.example.com.
IN NS ns2.nyc3.example.com.
; name servers - A records
ns1.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.10.11
ns2.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.20.12
; 10.128.0.0/16 - A records
host1.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.100.101
host2.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.200.102
Now let’s move onto the reverse zone file(s).
Create Reverse Zone File(s)
Reverse zone file are where we define DNS PTR records for reverse DNS lookups. That is, when the DNS receives a query by IP address, “10.128.100.101” for example, it will look in the reverse zone file(s) to resolve the corresponding FQDN, “host1.nyc3.example.com” in this case.
On ns1, for each reverse zone specified in the named.conf.local file, create a reverse zone file. We will base our reverse zone file(s) on the sample db.127 zone file. Copy it to the proper location with the following commands (substituting the destination filename so it matches your reverse zone definition):
cd /etc/bind/zones
sudo cp ../db.127 ./db.10.128
Edit the reverse zone file that corresponds to the reverse zone(s) defined in named.conf.local:
sudo nano /etc/bind/zones/db.10.128
Initially, it will look something like the following:
/etc/bind/zones/db.10.128 — original
$TTL 604800
@ IN SOA localhost. root.localhost. (
1 ; Serial
604800 ; Refresh
86400 ; Retry
2419200 ; Expire
604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
;
@ IN NS localhost. ; delete this line
1.0.0 IN PTR localhost. ; delete this line
In the same manner as the forward zone file, you will want to edit the SOA record and increment the serial value. It should look something like this:
/etc/bind/zones/db.10.128 — updated 1 of 3
@ IN SOA ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
3 ; Serial
. . .
Now delete the two records at the end of the file (after the SOA record). If you’re not sure which lines to delete, they are marked with a “delete this line” comment above.
At the end of the file, add your name server records with the following lines (replace the names with your own). Note that the second column specifies that these are “NS” records:
/etc/bind/zones/db.10.128 — updated 2 of 3
. . .
; name servers - NS records
IN NS ns1.nyc3.example.com.
IN NS ns2.nyc3.example.com.
Then add PTR records for all of your servers whose IP addresses are on the subnet of the zone file that you are editing. In our example, this includes all of our hosts because they are all on the 10.128.0.0/16 subnet. Note that the first column consists of the last two octets of your servers’ private IP addresses in reversed order. Be sure to substitute names and private IP addresses to match your servers:
/etc/bind/zones/db.10.128 — updated 3 of 3
. . .
; PTR Records
11.10 IN PTR ns1.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.10.11
12.20 IN PTR ns2.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.20.12
101.100 IN PTR host1.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.100.101
102.200 IN PTR host2.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.200.102
Save and close the reverse zone file (repeat this section if you need to add more reverse zone files).
Our final example reverse zone file looks like the following:
/etc/bind/zones/db.10.128 — updated
$TTL 604800
@ IN SOA nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
3 ; Serial
604800 ; Refresh
86400 ; Retry
2419200 ; Expire
604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
; name servers
IN NS ns1.nyc3.example.com.
IN NS ns2.nyc3.example.com.
; PTR Records
11.10 IN PTR ns1.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.10.11
12.20 IN PTR ns2.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.20.12
101.100 IN PTR host1.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.100.101
102.200 IN PTR host2.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.200.102
Check BIND Configuration Syntax
Run the following command to check the syntax of the named.conf* files:
sudo named-checkconf
If your named configuration files have no syntax errors, you will return to your shell prompt and see no error messages. If there are problems with your configuration files, review the error message and the “Configure Primary DNS Server” section, then try named-checkconf again.
The named-checkzone command can be used to check the correctness of your zone files. Its first argument specifies a zone name, and the second argument specifies the corresponding zone file, which are both defined in named.conf.local.
For example, to check the “nyc3.example.com” forward zone configuration, run the following command (change the names to match your forward zone and file):
sudo named-checkzone nyc3.example.com db.nyc3.example.com
And to check the “128.10.in-addr.arpa” reverse zone configuration, run the following command (change the numbers to match your reverse zone and file):
sudo named-checkzone 128.10.in-addr.arpa /etc/bind/zones/db.10.128
When all of your configuration and zone files have no errors in them, you should be ready to restart the BIND service.
Restart BIND
Restart BIND:
sudo systemctl restart bind9
If you have the UFW firewall configured, open up access to BIND by typing:
sudo ufw allow Bind9
Your primary DNS server is now setup and ready to respond to DNS queries. Let’s move on to creating the secondary DNS server.
Configure Secondary DNS Server
In most environments, it is a good idea to set up a secondary DNS server that will respond to requests if the primary becomes unavailable. Luckily, the secondary DNS server is much easier to configure.
On ns2, edit the named.conf.options file:
sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.options
At the top of the file, add the ACL with the private IP addresses of all of your trusted servers:
/etc/bind/named.conf.options — updated 1 of 2 (secondary)
acl "trusted" {
10.128.10.11; # ns1
10.128.20.12; # ns2 - can be set to localhost
10.128.100.101; # host1
10.128.200.102; # host2
};
options {
. . .
Below the directory directive, add the following lines:
/etc/bind/named.conf.options — updated 2 of 2 (secondary)
recursion yes;
allow-recursion { trusted; };
listen-on { 10.128.20.12; }; # ns2 private IP address
allow-transfer { none; }; # disable zone transfers by default
forwarders {
8.8.8.8;
8.8.4.4;
};
Save and close the named.conf.options file. This file should look exactly like ns1’s named.conf.options file except it should be configured to listen on ns2’s private IP address.
Now edit the named.conf.local file:
sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.local
Define slave zones that correspond to the master zones on the primary DNS server. Note that the type is “slave”, the file does not contain a path, and there is a masters directive which should be set to the primary DNS server’s private IP. If you defined multiple reverse zones in the primary DNS server, make sure to add them all here:
/etc/bind/named.conf.local — updated (secondary)
zone "nyc3.example.com" {
type slave;
file "slaves/db.nyc3.example.com";
masters { 10.128.10.11; }; # ns1 private IP
};
zone "128.10.in-addr.arpa" {
type slave;
file "slaves/db.10.128";
masters { 10.128.10.11; }; # ns1 private IP
};
Now save and close the named.conf.local file.
Run the following command to check the validity of your configuration files:
sudo named-checkconf
Once that checks out, restart BIND:
sudo systemctl restart bind9
Allow DNS connections to the server by altering the UFW firewall rules:
sudo ufw allow Bind9
Now you have primary and secondary DNS servers for private network name and IP address resolution. Now you must configure your client servers to use your private DNS servers.
Configure DNS Clients
Before all of your servers in the “trusted” ACL can query your DNS servers, you must configure each of them to use ns1 and ns2 as name servers. This process varies depending on OS, but for most Linux distributions it involves adding your name servers to the /etc/resolv.conf file.
Ubuntu Clients
On Ubuntu and Debian Linux servers, you can edit the /etc/network/interfaces file:
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
Inside, find the dns-nameservers line, and prepend your own name servers in front of the list that is currently there. Below that line, add a dns-search option pointed to the base domain of your infrastructure. In our case, this would be “nyc3.example.com”:
/etc/network/interfaces
. . .
dns-nameservers 10.128.10.11 10.128.20.12 8.8.8.8
dns-search nyc3.example.com
. . .
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Now, restart your networking services, applying the new changes with the following commands. Make sure you replace eth0 with the name of your networking interface:
sudo ifdown --force eth0 && sudo ip addr flush dev eth0 && sudo ifup --force eth0
This should restart your network without dropping your current connection. If it worked correctly, you should see something like this:
RTNETLINK answers: No such process
Waiting for DAD... Done
Double check that your settings were applied by typing:
cat /etc/resolv.conf
You should see your name servers in the /etc/resolv.conf file, as well as your search domain:
# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
nameserver 10.128.10.11
nameserver 10.128.20.12
nameserver 8.8.8.8
search nyc3.example.com
Your client is now configured to use your DNS servers.
CentOS Clients
On CentOS, RedHat, and Fedora Linux VPS, edit the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 file. You may have to substitute eth0 with the name of your primary network interface:
sudo nano /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
Search for the DNS1 and DNS2 options and set them to the private IP addresses of your primary and secondary name servers. Add a DOMAIN parameter that with your infrastructure’s base domain. In this guide, that would be “nyc3.example.com”:
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
. . .
DNS1=10.128.10.11
DNS2=10.128.20.12
DOMAIN='nyc3.example.com'
. . .
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Now, restart the networking service by typing:
sudo systemctl restart network
The command may hang for a few seconds, but should return you to the prompt shortly.
Check that your changes were applied by typing:
cat /etc/resolv.conf
You should see your name servers and search domain in the list:
/etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.128.10.11
nameserver 10.128.20.12
search nyc3.example.com
Test Clients
Use nslookup to test if your clients can query your name servers. You should be able to do this on all of the clients that you have configured and are in the “trusted” ACL.
For CentOS clients, you may need to install the utility with:
sudo yum install bind-utils
Forward Lookup
For example, we can perform a forward lookup to retrieve the IP address of host1.nyc3.example.com by running the following command:
nslookup host1
Querying “host1” expands to “host1.nyc3.example.com because of the search option is set to your private subdomain, and DNS queries will attempt to look on that subdomain before looking for the host elsewhere. The output of the command above would look like the following:
:Server: 10.128.10.11
Address: 10.128.10.11#53
Name: host1.nyc3.example.com
Address: 10.128.100.101
Reverse Lookup
To test the reverse lookup, query the DNS server with host1’s private IP address:
nslookup 10.128.100.101
You should see output that looks like the following:
Server: 10.128.10.11
Address: 10.128.10.11#53
11.10.128.10.in-addr.arpa name = host1.nyc3.example.com.
If all of the names and IP addresses resolve to the correct values, that means that your zone files are configured properly. If you receive unexpected values, be sure to review the zone files on your primary DNS server (e.g. db.nyc3.example.com and db.10.128).
Congratulations! Your internal DNS servers are now set up properly! Now we will cover maintaining your zone records.
Maintaining DNS Records
Now that you have a working internal DNS, you need to maintain your DNS records so they accurately reflect your server environment.
Adding Host to DNS
Whenever you add a host to your environment (in the same datacenter), you will want to add it to DNS. Here is a list of steps that you need to take:
Primary Name Server
Forward zone file: Add an “A” record for the new host, increment the value of “Serial”
Reverse zone file: Add a “PTR” record for the new host, increment the value of “Serial”
Add your new host’s private IP address to the “trusted” ACL (named.conf.options)
Then reload BIND:
sudo systemctl reload bind9
Secondary Name Server
Add your new host’s private IP address to the “trusted” ACL (named.conf.options)
Then reload BIND:
sudo systemctl reload bind9
Configure New Host to Use Your DNS
Configure /etc/resolv.conf to use your DNS servers
Test using nslookup
Removing Host from DNS
If you remove a host from your environment or want to just take it out of DNS, just remove all the things that were added when you added the server to DNS (i.e. the reverse of the steps above).
Conclusion
Now you may refer to your servers’ private network interfaces by name, rather than by IP address. This makes configuration of services and applications easier because you no longer have to remember the private IP addresses, and the files will be easier to read and understand. Also, now you can change your configurations to point to a new servers in a single place, your primary DNS server, instead of having to edit a variety of distributed configuration files, which eases maintenance.
Once you have your internal DNS set up, and your configuration files are using private FQDNs to specify network connections, it is critical that your DNS servers are properly maintained. If they both become unavailable, your services and applications that rely on them will cease to function properly. This is why it is recommended to set up your DNS with at least one secondary server, and to maintain working backups of all of them.
